今天是 Valentine's Day ,中國翻譯為“情人節(jié)”。
在這個“愛”的日子里,祝愿世界和平并充滿著“愛”……
The History of Valentine's Day......
Every February, across the country, candy, flowers, and gifts are exchanged between loved ones, all in the name of St. Valentine. But who is this mysterious saint and why do we celebrate this holiday?
The history of Valentine's Day -- and its patron saint -- is shrouded in mystery. But we do know that February has long been a month of romance. St. Valentine's Day, as we know it today, contains vestiges of both Christian and ancient Roman tradition. So, who was Saint Valentine and how did he become associated with this ancient rite? Today, the Catholic Church recognizes at least three different saints named Valentine or Valentinus, all of whom were martyred.
One legend contends that Valentine was a priest who served during the third century in Rome. When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers than those with wives and families, he outlawed marriage for young men -- his crop of potential soldiers. Valentine, realizing the injustice of the decree, defied Claudius and continued to perform marriages for young lovers in secret. When Valentine's actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death.
Other stories suggest that Valentine may have been killed for attempting to help Christians escape harsh Roman prisons where they were often beaten and tortured.
According to one legend, Valentine actually sent the first 'valentine' greeting himself. While in prison, it is believed that Valentine fell in love with a young girl -- who may have been his jailor's daughter -- who visited him during his confinement. Before his death, it is alleged that he wrote her a letter, which he signed 'From your Valentine,' an expression that is still in use today. Although the truth behind the Valentine legends is murky, the stories certainly emphasize his appeal as a sympathetic, heroic, and, most importantly, romantic figure. It's no surprise that by the Middle Ages, Valentine was one of the most popular saints in England and France.
大概這世上有多少情人就有多少關(guān)于情人節(jié)來歷的詮釋吧。
公元三世紀時,古羅馬有一位暴君叫克勞多斯(Claudius)。離暴君的宮殿不遠,有一座非常漂亮的神廟。修士瓦淪?。╒alentine)就住在這里。羅馬人非常崇敬他,男女老幼,不論貧富貴賤,總會群集在他的周圍,在祭壇的熊熊圣火前,聆聽瓦淪丁的祈禱。
古羅馬的戰(zhàn)事一直連綿不斷,暴君克勞多斯征召了大批公民前往戰(zhàn)場,人們怨聲載道。男人們不愿意離開家庭,小伙子們不忍與情人分開??藙诙嗨贡┨缋祝麄髁钊藗儾辉S舉行婚禮,甚至連所有已訂了婚的也馬上要解除婚約。許多年輕人就這樣告別愛人,悲憤地走向戰(zhàn)場。年輕的姑娘們也由于失去愛侶,抑郁神傷。
瓦淪丁對暴君的虐行感到非常難過。當(dāng)一對情侶來到神廟請求他的幫助時,瓦淪帝尼在神圣的祭壇前為它們悄悄地舉行了婚禮。人們一傳十,十傳百,很多人來到這里,在瓦淪丁的幫助下結(jié)成伴侶。
消息終于傳進了宮殿,傳到了暴君的耳里??藙诙嗨褂忠淮伪┨缋?,他命令士兵們沖進神廟,將瓦淪丁從一對正在舉行婚禮的新人身旁拖走,投入地牢。人們苦苦哀求暴君的劾免,但都徒勞而返。瓦淪丁終于在地牢里受盡折磨而死。悲傷的朋友們將他安葬于圣普拉(St. Praxedes)教堂。那一天是2月14日,那一年是公元270年。
另外的版本似乎沒有這一個精彩。傳說中瓦淪丁是最早的基督徒之一,那個時代做一名基督徒意味著危險和死亡。為掩護其他殉教者,瓦淪丁被抓住,投入了監(jiān)牢。在那里他治愈了典獄長女兒失明的雙眼。當(dāng)暴君聽到著一奇跡時,他感到非常害怕,于是將瓦淪丁斬首示眾。據(jù)傳說,在行刑的那一天早晨,瓦淪丁給典獄長的女兒寫了一封情意綿綿的告別信,落款是: From your Valentine (寄自你的瓦淪?。?br />
歷史學(xué)家們更愿意刨根揪底,他們關(guān)于情人節(jié)的演繹似乎令人信服。其實遠遠早于公元270年,當(dāng)羅馬城剛剛奠基時,周圍還是一片荒野,成群的狼四處游蕩。在羅馬人崇拜的眾神中,畜牧神盧波庫斯(Lupercus)掌管著對牧羊人和羊群的保護。每年二月中,羅馬人會舉行盛大的典禮來慶祝牧神節(jié)。那時的日歷與現(xiàn)在相比,要稍微晚一些,所以牧神節(jié)實際上是對即將來臨的春天的慶祝。
也有人說這個節(jié)日是慶祝法烏努斯神(Faunus),它類似于古希臘人身羊足,頭上有角的潘神(Pan),主管畜牧和農(nóng)業(yè)。牧神節(jié)的起源實在是過于久遠了,連公元前一世紀的學(xué)者們都無法確認。但是這一節(jié)日的重要性是不容置疑的。例如史料記載,安東尼(Mark Antony)就是在公元前44年的牧神節(jié)上將王冠授與凱撒(Julius Caesar)的。
每年的二月十五日,修士們會聚集在羅馬城中巴淪?。≒alantine)山上的一個洞穴旁,據(jù)說在這里,古羅馬城的奠基者(Romilus and Remus)被一只母狼扶育長大。在節(jié)日的各項慶典中,有一項是年輕的貴族們,手持羊皮鞭,在街道上奔跑。年輕婦女們會聚集在街道兩旁,祈望羊皮鞭抽打到她們頭上。人們相信這樣會使她們更容易生兒育女。在拉丁語中,羊皮鞭被叫做 februa,鞭打叫做 fabruatio,實際上都含有'純潔'的意思。二月的名字(February)就是由此而來。
隨著羅馬勢力在歐洲的擴張,牧神節(jié)的習(xí)俗被帶到了現(xiàn)在的法國和英國等地。人們最樂此不疲的一項節(jié)日活動類似于摸彩。年輕女子們的名字被放置于盒子內(nèi),然后年輕男子上前抽取。抽中的一對男女成為情人,時間是一年或更長。
基督教的興起使人們紀念眾神的習(xí)俗逐漸淡漠。教士們不希望人們放棄節(jié)日的歡樂,于是將牧神節(jié)(Lupercalia)改成瓦淪丁節(jié)(Valentine's Day),并移至二月十四日。這樣,關(guān)于瓦淪丁修士的傳說和古老的節(jié)日就被自然地結(jié)合在一起。這一節(jié)日在中世紀的英國最為流行。未婚男女的名字被抽出后,他們會互相交換禮物,女子在這一年內(nèi)成為男子的Valentine。在男子的衣袖上會繡上女子的名字,照顧和保護該女子于是成為該男子的神圣職責(zé)。
有史可查的現(xiàn)代意義上的瓦淪丁情人是在十五世紀早期。法國年輕的奧爾良大公(Duke of Orleans)在阿根科特(Agincourt)戰(zhàn)役中被英軍俘虜,然后被關(guān)在倫敦塔中很多年。他寫給妻子很多首情詩,大約60首保存至今。用鮮花做瓦淪丁節(jié)的信物在大約兩百年后出現(xiàn)。法王亨利四世(Henry IV)的一個女兒在瓦淪丁節(jié)舉行了一個盛大的晚會。所有女士從選中她做Valentine的男士那里獲得一束鮮花。
就這樣,延續(xù)著古老的意大利,法國和英國習(xí)俗,我們得以在每年的二月十四日向自己的朋友傳遞愛的信息。鮮花,心形糖果,用花邊和摺穗掩蓋了送物人名字的信物,不僅僅是代表著一份份真摯的愛,更是對敢于反抗暴政的瓦淪丁修士的最好緬懷。